Cotton Incorporated
Cotton Incorporated

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          • What Is at Risk When Seed Cotton Is Stored
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          • Preharvest Preparation
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          • Safety Is Your Responsibility!
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          • Appendix: Harvest Loss Calculations
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        • Why Schedule Irrigation?
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          • Management of White Fly Resistance to Key Insecticides in Arizona
          • Technical Advisory Committee of the Whitefly Q Biotype Task Force
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        • Herbicide-resistant Weeds Training Lessons
          • Current Status of Herbicide Resistance in Weeds
          • How Herbicides Work
          • Principles of Managing Herbicide Resistance
          • Scouting After a Herbicide Application and Confirming Herbicide Resistance
          • What Is Herbicide Resistance?
        • Take Action Against Herbicide-Resistant Weeds
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        • 2003 Breeding Cotton Nematode Resistance Meeting Presentations
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        • 2007 Genetics of Root Knot Nematode Resistance in Cotton Meeting Presentations
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        • Cotton Module Transport Calculator
        • Cotton Precision Agriculture Investment Decision Aid
        • Cropland Rental Tool (CROPRENT)
        • Precision Agriculture Yield Variability Analyzer
        • South Plains Profitability
      • Spotlight on Cotton Growers
        • Soil Variability Lessons Learned
        • Alternative and Low-Cost Sources of Lime and Fertilizer
        • Year-Round Expert Advice to Cotton Growers
        • No-Till, Double-Cropping System Yields Costs Savings
        • Precision Input Cost Reduction
        • Using Gray Water in Cotton Production
        • Manage Heat with Innovation for Cotton Production
        • Innovative Water Sharing System
        • Satellite Imagery Technology to Manage Variable Soil
      • Websites & Online Resources
        • COTMAN™ Crop Management System
        • Seed Matrix
        • Cotton LEADS™
        • Focus on Cotton
      • Cotton Harvest Systems
        • The Spindle-Type Cotton Harvester
          • Introduction
          • Maximizing Harvester Capacity & Productivity
          • Seed Cotton Handling Systems
          • Basic Safety Precautions
          • Preseason Procedures
          • In-Season Procedures
          • Appendix: Harvest Loss Calculations
          • Suggested Reading on Cotton Pickers
        • Stripper Harvesting
          • Background of Cotton Harvesting
          • Preharvest Preparation
          • Stripper Harvester Preparation
          • In-Season Procedures
          • Fiber Quality
          • Safety Is Your Responsibility!
          • References
        • Seed Cotton Handling Storage
          • A Brief History of Cotton Modules
          • Module Types
          • What Is at Risk When Seed Cotton Is Stored
          • Forming Covering Conventional Modules
          • Case IH Half-Length Modules
          • John Deere Round Modules
          • Proper Cutting of Plastic Wrap on Round Modules
          • Module Covers
          • Safety
          • References
        • Cotton Harvest System Videos
        • Cotton Module Traceability
      • Irrigation Management
        • Why Irrigate Cotton?
        • Why Schedule Irrigation?
        • Initiating and Terminating Irrigation for the Season
        • Cotton Water Requirements
        • Water-Sensitivity of Cotton Growth Stages
        • Sensor-Based Scheduling
        • Irrigation Scheduling Tools
        • Management Considerations for Irrigated Cotton
        • Irrigation Systems Overview
        • References and Additional Resources
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        • Farm Finance
        • Cotton Futures and Options
        • Crop Insurance
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        • ENSO and Cotton Yield Variability
      • Entomology
        • Cotton Aphid
        • Caterpillar
        • Plant Bugs
        • Spider Mites
        • Stink Bugs
        • Thrips
        • Whitefly
          • Management of White Fly Resistance to Key Insecticides in Arizona
          • Technical Advisory Committee of the Whitefly Q Biotype Task Force
          • Sticky Cotton Sources and Solutions – The University of Arizona, Cooperative Extension
          • Whitefly Management in Arizona Cotton 2006 – The University of Arizona, Cooperative Extension
      • Herbicide Stewardship
        • Herbicide-resistant Weeds Training Lessons
          • Current Status of Herbicide Resistance in Weeds
          • How Herbicides Work
          • What Is Herbicide Resistance?
          • Scouting After a Herbicide Application and Confirming Herbicide Resistance
          • Principles of Managing Herbicide Resistance
        • Take Action Against Herbicide-Resistant Weeds
        • Weed Resistance in Herbicide-Resistant Cultivars R.L. Nichols
        • Preparing for the Auxin Technologies R.L. Nichols
        • Auxin Technologies Meeting Report R.L. Nichols
        • The Stewardship of Herbicides R.L. Nichols
      • Nematology
        • 2012 Breeding Cotton for Resistance to Fusarium and Nematodes Meeting Presentations
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        • 2005 Breeding Cotton for Resistance to Nematodes Meeting Report – June 9, 2005 Meeting in Memphis, Tennessee
        • 2003 Breeding Cotton for Resistance to Nematodes (Meeting Report)
        • 2006 Non-Transgenic Host Plant Resistance to Root-Knot and Reniform Nematodes in Cotton – R. L. Nichols, Cotton Incorporated
        • 2007 Report of the Research Coordination Meeting Genetics of Root-Knot Nematode Resistance in Cotton
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        • Cotton Leafroll Dwarf Virus Research Review
        • Identification and Management of Fusarium Wilt Race 4
        • Exotic Polerovirus Infecting Cotton in the Southeast U. S.
        • Research Coordination Meeting on Target Spot Presentations
        • Review of the Bacterial Blight Research Program
        • Identification and Management of Bacterial Blight of Cotton
        • Diagnosis and Management of Foliar Diseases in the United States
        • Site-Specific Management of Cotton Root Rot Using Airborne and Satellite Imagery and Variable Rate Technology
        • Cotton Root Rot(Phymatotrichopsis Root Rot) and it’s Management
      • Variety Improvement
        • 2019 Cotton Breeder’s Tour
        • Cotton Breeders’ Tours Presentations
        • State Variety Trial Data
        • Breeder Fiber Sample Information
          • Fiber Sample Packaging and Labeling
          • Packing Enclosure Form
          • Why Bad Samples are Bad
        • Cotton Breeders’ Tour Archives
        • Sample Project Summaries
      • Weed Management
        • Managing Glyphosate-Resistant Palmer Amaranth
          • Introduction and Overview
          • Update from States
            • Arkansas
            • Georgia
            • Louisiana
            • Mississippi
            • North Carolina
            • South Carolina
            • Tennessee
            • Summary Discussion
          • Research Presentations
            • Segregation and what it means in Palmer amaranth
            • Plant Population Genetics
            • Colorado Molecular and Basic Research
          • Research Programs from Industry
            • Syngenta
            • Bayer CropScience
            • Monsanto
          • Palmer Roundtable Summary
          • List of Attendees
        • 2016 Biology and Management of Herbicide-Resistant Palmer Amaranth in Cotton in the United States
        • 2011 Pigweed Resistance: How Much? To What? And Where?
        • 2010 Impacts of Herbicide Resistant Weeds – Southern States
        • 2010 Meeting the Challenge of Glyphosate-Resistant Palmer Amaranth in Conservation Tillage
        • 2009 Glyphosate Weed Resistance Update
        • 2009 Control Failures with Ryegrass
        • 2008 Glyphosate-Resistant Populations of Amaranthus palmeri in the United States
        • 2006 Managing Herbicide Resistance in Cotton Cropping Systems
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    • Cotton Quality
      • Classification of Cotton
        • Overview
        • Maintaining Official Standards for Classification
        • Classification of Upland Cotton
        • Classification of American Pima Cotton
        • Quality and Reliability of Classification Data
        • Dissemination of Data
        • Acknowledgements
      • 2019/2020 U.S. Cotton Fiber Chart
        • Properties of the Growing Regions
        • Grades of U.S. Cotton
        • Ratings of Fiber Properties
        • Bale Sizes
        • HVI® Color Chart
      • Cotton Crop Quality
        • Weekly Cotton Crop Quality Report
        • Most Planted Cotton Varieties for 2019
        • Final Cotton Crop Quality Summary Reports
        • Cotton Properties Legend
        • Cotton Crop Quality Summary
      • Product Evaluation Lab
        • Independent Testing Laboratories
      • Cotton Standards Websites
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        • Cotton Communicator™ Software
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      • Product Development
      • Technical Services & Implementation
      • Product Integrity
    • Nonwovens
      • Why Cotton?
      • Marketing Resources
        • Aquatic Degradation
        • The Global Baby Care Market Present and Future Growth
        • Trademark Licensing Program
        • Power of the Seal
        • Incontinence Protection
        • Global Feminine Hygiene
        • Responsible Cotton Production
        • Discover What Cotton Can DoTM
      • Cotton Fiber Tech Guide
        • Agricultural Production
        • Cotton Properties
        • Cotton Preparation
        • Cotton Morphology and Chemistry
      • Nonwovens Sourcing
    • Performance Technologies
      • NATURAL STRETCH Technology
        • NATURAL STRETCH Technology
        • NATURAL STRETCH Licensed Suppliers
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        • PUREPRESS™ Technology
        • PUREPRESS™ Licensed Suppliers
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Management of White Fly Resistance

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Management of White Fly Resistance

Cotton Production › Ag Research › Entomology › Whitefly › Management of White Fly Resistance to Key Insecticides in Arizona

Management of Bemisia Resistance to Growth Regulator, Neonicotinoid, and Pyrethroid Insecticides

R.L. Nichols
Cotton Incorporated Cary, North Carolina

T.J. Dennehy
Tucson, Arizona

P.C. Ellsworth
Maricopa Agricultural Center

J. C. Palumbo
Yuma Valley Agricultural Center


Introduction

Arizona produces cotton, melon, winter vegetable, and forage crops through the year. Whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci biotype B (a.k.a. B. argentifolii1), develop on many of these crops but can be severe pests of cotton, melons, and ornamentals. Spring and fall melons provide an excellent host for whitefly development and serve as a biological bridge for whitefly movement between summer cotton and winter crops. Throughout the world, whiteflies have developed resistance to many insecticides2. Following widespread whitefly problems in Arizona melons and vegetables in 1992, the neonicotinoid insecticide, imidacloprid, was registered for use. Though used intensively since 1993, imidacloprid continues to provide exceptional control of whiteflies in melons and vegetables, and successfully disrupts the year-round cycle of whitefly development3. However, whitefly problems in cotton persisted and by 1995, mixtures of pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides met with widespread resistance4. The following year, The 1996 Whitefly Resistance Management Program for Arizona Cotton5 was implemented after the insect growth regulators (IGR), pyriproxyfen and buprofezin, were granted emergency exemptions in cotton for once per season use. Both IGRs have been pivotal in Arizona cotton’s successful whitefly control program since that time6. Pyriproxyfen use in Arizona cotton continues to be limited to once per year. However, its uses have been expanded to greenhouses and citrus. Buprofezin use in cotton has been limited (Fig. 1) , but new registrations include leafy greens, melons, and glasshouse tomatoes. At present, whitefly control in Arizona is satisfactory, but continues to be vulnerable to resistance. Changing patterns of insecticide use in our diverse cropping systems have increased the likelihood of future resistance problems. Foremost in this regard are: 1) more extensive use of imidacloprid, buprofezin, and pyriproxyfen; and 2) new registrations of neonicotinoid insecticides, including acetamiprid, and thiamethoxam. Avoiding resistance will require disciplined use of insecticides and harmonization of whitefly control recommendations across commodities7. In this poster we summarize data from statewide monitoring (Fig. 2) that chronicle seven years of successful management of whitefly resistance in Arizona cotton and highlight vulnerabilities regarding future resistance problems. We then report new cross-commodity guidelines that extend resistance management of whiteflies to the cropping system level.

Synergized Pyrethroid Insecticides

Use of synergized pyrethroid treatments declined dramatically in cotton after 1995 (Fig. 1) , due to decreased efficacy (Fig. 3) and the striking success of the IGRs8, 13-15. The 1996 resistance management program limited pyrethroids used against whiteflies in cotton to late in the season, and to no more than two treatments5. Resistance to synergized pyrethroids declined from 1995 until 2001 (Fig. 3) and use remained low. Regained efficacy of synergized pyrethroids, combined with their low cost, prompted their greater use in 2000 and 2001 (Fig. 1). Increases in the frequency of resistance to synergized pyrethroids resulted (Fig. 3) . Cotton fields with more than 20% of whiteflies surviving a diagnostic dose of fenpropathrin + acephate increased from 2 of 19 (11%) in 2001 to 6 of 12 (50%) in 2002. However, resistance frequencies statewide continued to be much lower than they were at the height of the 1995 crisis (Fig. 3) .

Pyriproxyfen

Pyriproxyfen is highly effective against whiteflies in Arizona cotton and currently is the insecticide that most producers elect to use9, 13-15 when whiteflies first exceed treatment thresholds (Fig. 1). However, previous experience in cotton in Israel indicated that pyriproxyfen had a relatively high risk of resistance development10. For this reason, pyriproxyfen use was limited to once per season in Arizona cotton. Statewide monitoring first detected pyriproxyfen-resistant whiteflies in 1999 (Fig. 4a) . Mean mortality in bioassays of field-collected populations exposed to pyriproxyfen concentrations of 0.01 and 0.1 ug/ml remained unchanged from 1996-98, but declined significantly thereafter (Fig. 4a) . The percentage of whiteflies surviving bioassays of 0.1 ug pyriproxyfen/ml varied from 0.0 to over 25% in 2002 (Fig. 4b) , depending on location. Furthermore, whiteflies collected in 2002 from cotton in Queen Creek, Arizona, and exposed to pyriproxyfen in the laboratory, yielded a strain with dramatically reduced susceptibility (Fig. 4c) . While pyriproxyfen remains effective against whiteflies in Arizona cotton, these findings underscore the importance of using it judiciously to delay resistance buildup.

Buprofezin

Buprofezin use has been relatively limited in Arizona cotton since its introduction in 19969, 13-15. Fewer than 70 thousand acres have been treated annually; less than 30% of Arizona cotton (Fig. 1) . As with pyriproxyfen, the Arizona whitefly resistance management program promotes use of buprofezin when whitefly populations first exceed thresholds in the season, but limits use to one application per season. Despite the limited use, monitoring revealed statistically significant reductions from 1996 to 1998 in whitefly mortality observed in bioassays of 8.0 and 100 ug/ml buprofezin. However, this trend was not sustained in subsequent years (Fig. 5). Intensive exposure of field collections of whiteflies in the laboratory has not yielded substantial resistance (data not shown). Field efficacy of buprofezin remains high.

Imidacloprid

Imidacloprid has been used in Arizona since 1993, chiefly in melons, vegetables, and greenhouses. Although it is registered for use in cotton, it is seldom used on this crop, and then only as a foliar treatment. In melons, imidacloprid is soil-applied at planting, and provides 45-60 days of control11. Repeated foliar treatments and/or soil drenches are common in greenhouses. Susceptibility of whiteflies collected from different hosts in 1999 reflected these differences in exposure to imidacloprid (Fig. 6a ) . Greenhouse collections were the least susceptible, and cotton and fall melons the most susceptible to imidacloprid12. Statewide monitoring of whiteflies from cotton revealed a 4-year trend of declining mean susceptibility to imidacloprid from 1995-1998 (Fig. 6b) . However, this trend was reversed from 1999 to 2002. All whiteflies collected from Arizona cotton in 2002 were highly susceptible to imidacloprid (Fig. 6b) , as well as to two other important neonicotinoids, acetamiprid and thiamethoxam.

Cross-Commodity Coordination of Insecticide Use in Arizona

Management of whitefly resistance in Arizona could be undermined by poorly planned use of neonicotinoids, pyriproxyfen, or buprofezin. For this reason a major initiative was undertaken to expand to the cropping system level integrated resistance management strategies that have been so successful in cotton7. Agricultural producers, commodity group representatives, and chemical industry representatives joined university and government researchers and pest control advisors during each of the past four years to achieve this difficult task. Neonicotinoid insecticides were the focal point.

The Goals

The goal is to avoid producer losses associated with whitefly resistance by sustaining the efficacy of neonicotinoid insecticides. This will be promoted by: 1) placing reasonable limitations on neonicotinoid use in the major crops affected by whiteflies, and 2) diversifying and harmonizing all insecticides used against whiteflies in the cropping system.

Defining Crop Communities

Communities were defined based on presence throughout the year of host crops that are economically impacted by whiteflies. Three distinct communities were identified in Arizona and recommendations were tailored for each: 1) multi-crop community, 2) cotton/melon community, and 3) cotton-intensive community.

The Guidelines

Detailed recommendations for each crop community and their underlying rationale can be found in The University of Arizona Cooperative Extension bulletin, IPM Series No. 17. Fig. 7a illustrates guidelines for the multi-crop community. In this system neonicotinoid insecticides are not recommended for use in cotton, but are reserved for melons and vegetables7. Summary guidelines for neonicotinoid use in all three crop communities are detailed in Fig. 7b .


Footnotes

  1. Perring, T.M., A.D. Cooper, R.J. Rodriguez, C.A. Farrar, and T.S. Bellows. 1993. Identification of a whitefly species by genomic and behavioral studies. Science 259: 74-77.
  2. Denholm, I., M. Cahill, T.J. Dennehy, and A.R. Horowitz. 1998. Challenges with managing insecticide resistance in agricultural pests exemplified by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. (Lond. B) 353(1376): 1757-1767.
  3. Palumbo, J.C., A.R. Horowitz, and N. Prabhaker. 2001. Insecticidal control and resistance management of Bemisa tabaci. In S.E. Naranjo and P.C. Ellsworth eds. Special Issue: Challenges and Opportunities for Pest Management of Bemisia tabaci in the New Century. Crop Protection 20(9): 739-765.
  4. Dennehy, T.J., and Livy Williams, III. 1997. Management of resistance in Bemisia in Arizona cotton. Pestic. Sci. 51: 398-406.
  5. Dennehy, T.J., P.C. Ellsworth, and R.L. Nichols. 1996. The 1996 whitefly resistance management program for Arizona cotton. University of Arizona IPM Series No. 8. 16 pp.
  6. Ellsworth, P.C., and J.L. Martinez-Carrillo. 2001. IPM for Bemisia tabaci: a case study from North America. In S.E. Naranjo and P.C. Ellsworth eds. Special Issue: Challenges and Opportunities for Pest Management in Bemisia tabaci in the New Century. Crop Protection 20(9): 853-869.
  7. Palumbo, J.C., P.C. Ellsworth, T.J. Dennehy, and R.L. Nichols. 2003. Cross-commodity guidelines for neonicotinoid insecticides in Arizona. IPM Series No. 17, Pub. AZ1319. Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 4 pp. URL: http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/insects/az1319.pdf
  8. Ellsworth, P.C., T.J. Dennehy, and R.L. Nichols. 1996. Whitefly management in Arizona cotton – 1996. IPM Series No. 3. Cooperative Extension Publication #196004, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 2 pp. URL:http://cals.arizona.edu/crops/cotton/insects/wf/cibroch.html
  9. Agnew, G.K. and P.B. Baker. 2001. Pest and pesticide usage patterns in Arizona cotton. Proc. 2001 Beltwide Cotton Conferences. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN. Pp. 1046-1054.
  10. Horowitz, A.R., S. Kontsedalov, I. Denholm, and I. Ishaaya. 2002. Dynamics of insecticide resistance in Bemisia tabaci: a case study with the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen. Pest Management Sci. 58:1096-1100.
  11. Kerns, D.L. and J.C. Palumbo. 1995. Using Admire™ on desert vegetable crops. IMP Series No. 5. Cooperative Extension Publication #195017, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 2 pp. URL:http://cals.arizona.edu/crops/vegetables/insects/wf/admire.html
  12. Li, Y., T.J. Dennehy, X. Li, and M.E. Wigert. 2000. Susceptibility of Arizona whiteflies to chloronicotinyl insecticides and IGRs: new developments in the 1999 season. Proc. 2000 Beltwide Cotton Conferences. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN. Pp. 1325-1332.
  13. Shanley, E.H. and P.B. Baker. 2002. 2001 update on pesticide use in Arizona cotton. Proc. 2002 Beltwide Cotton Conferences. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN. 11 pp.
  14. Shanley, E.H. and P.B. Baker. 2003. Pesticide update in Arizona cotton for 2002. Proc. 2003 Beltwide Cotton Conferences. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN. 12 pp.
  15. IGR use data for the period during which pyriproxyfen and buprofezin required full reporting, under the terms of the Section 18 exemption, were obtained from Dr. Edwin Minch, Arizona Department of Agriculture.

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