Cotton Incorporated
Cotton Incorporated

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        • Cotton Market Weekly
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        • 2014 Farm Bill – Farm Program and Insurance Decision Aid
        • 2015 Pima Cotton Loan Valuation Model
        • 2017 ELS Cotton Loan Calculator
        • 2017 Upland Cotton Loan Calculator
        • Cotton Basis Tools
        • Cotton Harvest Cost Comparison Program/Decision Aid
        • Cotton Irrigation Decision Aid
        • Cotton Module Transport Calculator
        • Cotton Precision Agriculture Investment Decision Aid
        • Cropland Rental Tool (CROPRENT)
        • Precision Agriculture Yield Variability Analyzer
        • South Plains Profitability
        • The Agricultural & Food Policy Center
      • Spotlight on Cotton Growers
        • Alternative and Low-Cost Sources of Lime and Fertilizer
        • Satellite Imagery Technology to Manage Variable Soil
        • Year-Round Expert Advice to Cotton Growers
        • Precision Input Cost Reduction
        • Innovative Water Sharing System
        • No-Till, Double-Cropping System Yields Costs Savings
        • Manage Heat with Innovation for Cotton Production
        • Soil Variability Lessons Learned
        • Using Gray Water in Cotton Production
      • Websites & Online Resources
        • Cotton Cultivated
        • Focus on Cotton
        • Regional Breeders Testing Network
        • Seed Matrix
        • COTMAN™ Crop Management System
      • Cotton Harvest Systems
        • Cotton Harvest System Videos
        • Seed Cotton Handling Storage
          • A Brief History of Cotton Modules
          • Case IH Half-Length Modules
          • Forming Covering Conventional Modules
          • John Deere Round Modules
          • Module Covers
          • Module Types
          • Proper Cutting of Plastic Wrap on Round Modules
          • References
          • Safety
          • What Is at Risk When Seed Cotton Is Stored
        • Stripper Harvesting
          • Background of Cotton Harvesting
          • Fiber Quality
          • In-Season Procedures
          • Preharvest Preparation
          • References
          • Safety Is Your Responsibility!
          • Stripper Harvester Preparation
        • The Spindle-Type Cotton Harvester
          • Appendix: Harvest Loss Calculations
          • Basic Safety Precautions
          • In-Season Procedures
          • Maximizing Harvester Capacity & Productivity
          • Preseason Procedures
          • Seed Cotton Handling Systems
          • Suggested Reading on Cotton Pickers
          • Introduction
      • Irrigation Management
        • Cotton Water Requirements
        • Initiating and Terminating Irrigation for the Season
        • Irrigation Scheduling Tools
        • Irrigation Systems Overview
        • Management Considerations for Irrigated Cotton
        • References and Additional Resources
        • Sensor-Based Scheduling
        • Water-Sensitivity of Cotton Growth Stages
        • Why Irrigate Cotton?
        • Why Schedule Irrigation?
    • Ag Research
      • Agricultural Economics
        • Farm Finance
        • Cotton Futures and Options
        • Crop Insurance
      • Agronomy
        • SeedMatrix.com
        • Rolling High Rye for Conservation of Tillage Cotton Success
      • Cottonseed
        • Cottonseed Market Prices
        • wholecottonseed.com
        • Whole Cottonseed a Super Feed for Dairy Cows
        • Cottonseed Press Releases
        • Cottonseed Storage
        • Cottonseed Goes With the Flow
        • EasiFlo™ Cottonseed Research
      • Engineering
        • ENSO and Cotton Yield Variability
        • Ginning Research
        • Precision Crop Management for Cotton
          • Other Precision Agriculture for Cotton Websites
          • Precision Cotton Technology Providers
        • Ultra Narrow Row Cotton Harvest to Textiles
          • Fiber and Textile Quality
          • Finger Stripper Harvesting Technology
          • Ginning Stripper Harvested Cotton
          • Marketing Stripper Harvested
          • UNRC Research and Production Experiences
      • Entomology
        • Caterpillar
        • Cotton Aphid
        • Plant Bugs
        • Spider Mites
        • Stink Bugs
        • Thrips
        • Whitefly
          • Management of White Fly Resistance to Key Insecticides in Arizona
          • Technical Advisory Committee of the Whitefly Q Biotype Task Force
      • Herbicide Stewardship
        • Herbicide-resistant Weeds Training Lessons
          • Current Status of Herbicide Resistance in Weeds
          • How Herbicides Work
          • Principles of Managing Herbicide Resistance
          • Scouting After a Herbicide Application and Confirming Herbicide Resistance
          • What Is Herbicide Resistance?
        • Take Action Against Herbicide-Resistant Weeds
      • Nematology
        • 2003 Breeding Cotton Nematode Resistance Meeting Presentations
        • 2005 Breeding Cotton for Resistance to Nematodes Meeting Presentations
        • 2007 Genetics of Root Knot Nematode Resistance in Cotton Meeting Presentations
        • 2012 Breeding Cotton for Resistance to Fusarium and Nematodes Meeting Presentations
      • Plant Pathology
        • Research Coordination Meeting on Target Spot Presentations
        • Review of the Bacterial Blight Research Program
      • Variety Improvement
        • Breeder Fiber Sample Information
          • Fiber Sample Packaging and Labeling
          • Packing Enclosure Form
          • Why Bad Samples are Bad
        • Cotton Breeders’ Tour Archives
        • Sample Project Summaries
        • State Variety Trial Data
      • Weed Management
        • Managing Glyphosate-Resistant Palmer Amaranth
          • Introduction and Overview
          • List of Attendees
          • Palmer Roundtable Summary
          • Research Presentations
            • Colorado Molecular and Basic Research
            • Segregation and what it means in Palmer amaranth
          • Research Programs from Industry
            • Bayer CropScience
            • Monsanto
            • Syngenta
          • Update from States
            • Arkansas
            • Georgia
            • Louisiana
            • Mississippi
            • North Carolina
            • South Carolina
            • Summary Discussion
            • Tennessee
      • Meetings, Tours, and Presentations
        • 2019 Cotton Breeder’s Tour
        • Cotton Breeders’ Tours Presentations
        • Conservation Tillage Conferences
          • 2007 Conservation Tillage Conference Proceedings
          • 2008 Conservation Tillage Conference Proceedings
          • 2009 Conservation Tillage Conference Proceedings
          • 2010 Conservation Tillage Conference Proceedings
          • 2011 Conservation Tillage Conference Proceedings
          • 2012 Conservation Tillage Conference Proceedings
          • 2013 Conservation Tillage Conference Proceedings
          • 2014 Conservation Tillage Conference Proceedings
          • 2015 Conservation Tillage Conference Proceedings
        • Cotton Biotechnology Workshops
        • Crop Management Seminar Presentations
          • 2006 Presentations
          • 2008 Presentations
          • 2010 Presentations
          • 2012 Presentations
          • 2014 Presentations
        • International Cotton Genome Initiative (ICGI) Research Conference Presentations
      • Ag Research Staff Directory
      • Cotton Incorporated Fellows
        • Cotton Incorporated Fellowships (CIF)
      • State Support Program
        • State Support Program Bylaws
          • Alabama State Support Committee Bylaws
          • California State Support Committee Bylaws
          • Florida State Support Committee Bylaws
          • Georgia State Support Committee Bylaws
          • Louisiana State Support Committee Bylaws
          • Mississippi State Support Committee Bylaws
          • Missouri State Support Committee Bylaws
          • North Carolina State Support Committee Bylaws
          • Oklahoma State Support Committee Bylaws
          • South Carolina State Support Committee Bylaws
          • Tennessee State Support Committee Bylaws
          • Virginia State Cotton Support Committee Bylaws
        • State Support Program Guidelines
        • State Support Program Projects
    • Cotton Quality
      • Classification of Cotton
        • Acknowledgements
        • Classification of American Pima Cotton
        • Classification of Upland Cotton
        • Dissemination of Data
        • Maintaining Official Standards for Classification
        • Overview
        • Quality and Reliability of Classification Data
      • 2019/2020 U.S. Cotton Fiber Chart
        • Bale Sizes
        • Grades of U.S. Cotton
        • HVI® Color Chart
        • Properties of the Growing Regions
        • Ratings of Fiber Properties
      • Cotton Crop Quality
        • Weekly Cotton Crop Quality Report
        • Most Planted Cotton Varieties for 2019
        • Final Cotton Crop Quality Summary Reports
        • Cotton Properties Legend
        • Cotton Crop Quality Summary
      • Product Evaluation Lab
        • Independent Testing Laboratories
      • Cotton Standards Websites
      • EFS® System Software
        • MILLNet™ Software
        • USCROP™ Software
        • Cotton Communicator™ Software
      • EFS® System Technical Service
      • EFS® System Licensees
      • EFS® Licensee Yarn Benefits
      • EFS® Fiber/Yarn Sourcing Directory
  • Quality Products
    • Performance Technologies
      • NATURAL STRETCH Technology
        • NATURAL STRETCH Technology
        • NATURAL STRETCH Licensed Suppliers
      • PUREPRESS™ Technology
      • STORM COTTON™ Technology
        • STORM COTTON™ Technology
        • STORM COTTON™ Licensed Suppliers
      • TOUGH COTTON™ Technology
        • TOUGH COTTON™ Technology
        • TOUGH COTTON™ Licensed Suppliers
      • TransDRY® Technology
        • TransDRY® Technology
        • TransDRY® Licensed Suppliers
      • WICKING WINDOWS™ Technology
        • WICKING WINDOWS™ Technology
        • WICKING WINDOWS™ Supplier List
      • Technology Suppliers
    • Nonwovens
      • Why Cotton?
      • Marketing Resources
        • Aquatic Degradation
        • The Global Baby Care Market Present and Future Growth
        • Discover What Cotton Can DoTM
        • Incontinence Protection
        • Global Feminine Hygiene
        • Power of the Seal
        • Responsible Cotton Production
        • Trademark Licensing Program
      • Cotton Fiber Tech Guide
        • Agricultural Production
        • Cotton Morphology and Chemistry
        • Cotton Preparation
        • Cotton Properties
      • Nonwovens Sourcing
    • Textile Resources
      • Technical Bulletins
      • Standard Fabric Defect Glossary
      • Textile Encyclopedia
      • Fabric Defects Classification
      • Textile Glossary
      • Engineered Cotton Knits Guidelines
      • Cotton Fiber Development and Processing
    • Fabric Inspiration
      • FABRICAST™ Fabric Collections
        • 2018 Part 1
        • Cotton Compilation I
        • Cotton Compilation II
        • Creative Cotton I
        • Creative Cotton II
        • MMXVII Part 1
        • Cotton Innovations II
        • Cotton Innovations I
        • Natural Concepts II
        • Natural Concepts I
        • Cotton Inspiration II
        • Cotton Inspiration I
        • Natural Innovations
      • Performance Knitwear
      • Cotton Durability
    • Textile Sourcing
      • Cut and Sew
      • Dyers
      • Dye and Wash
      • Finishers
      • Knitters
      • Printers
      • Spinners
      • Weavers
      • Textile Associations and Resources
    • Textile Research
      • Dyeing Research
      • Fiber Processing
      • Finishing Research
      • Product Development
      • Product Integrity
      • Technical Services & Implementation
  • Consumer Marketing
    • Retail Partnerships
    • Classroom Teaching Kits
  • About
    • Corporate
      • Worldwide Offices
      • Board of Directors
      • Careers
        • Career Opportunities
        • Student Opportunities
          • Fashion Marketing Internship Program
      • Research Proposal Guidelines
    • History
      • Company Timeline
      • Cotton Hall of Fame
    • Sustainability
      • Sustainability Goals
      • Pioneers of Progress
        • Agriculture
        • Cottonseed
        • Manufacturing
        • Consumer
        • Sustainability Community
        • Citations
    • Pressroom
      • Press Releases
      • Biographies
        • J. Berrye Worsham
        • Mark Messura
        • Kimberley S. Kitchings
        • Jesse Daystar
        • Kater Hake
        • Mike Shen
        • Vikki Martin
        • Mary Ankeny
        • William Kimbrell
        • Ed Barnes
        • Jon Devine
        • Linda DeFranco
        • Janet O’Regan
        • Melissa Bastos
        • Jenna Caccavo
        • Rachel Crumbley
      • Video Archive
      • Did You Know?
    • Event Calendar
    • Seal of Cotton trademark
      • Seal of Cotton trademark
    • Our Websites
      • CottonWorks™
      • Cotton Today
      • Cotton Lifestyle Monitor™
      • Cotton Cultivated
      • The Fabric of Our Lives®
      • Blue Jeans Go Green™
      • Cotton Campus
      • Whole Cottonseed
      • Regional Breeders Testing Network (RBTN)
    • Social Media
    • Cotton Industry Websites
      • Cotton LEADS™
    • Contact Us
  • Market Data
    • Monthly Economic Letter
      • Cotton Price Definitions
    • Executive Cotton Update
    • Supply Chain Insights
      • Seal of Cotton Trademark
      • Things To Know About COVID-19 Third Wave
      • Garment Care & Labels
      • Home Textiles Globally
      • Home Textiles in the U.S.
      • Home Textiles in Mexico
      • Home Textiles in China
      • COVID-19 & Consumer Concerns in Mexico – Second Wave
      • COVID-19 & Consumer Concerns in China – Second Wave
      • Things To Know About COVID-19 Wave II
      • COVID-19 & Consumer Concerns in China
      • COVID-19 & Consumer Concerns in Mexico
      • COVID-19 & Consumer Concerns in Italy
      • Consumer Response to COVID-19
      • Baby Care
      • Childrenswear
      • Back to School
      • Intimates
      • Global Lifestyle Monitor : India
      • Global Lifestyle Monitor : Turkey
      • Global Lifestyle Monitor: Germany
      • Global Lifestyle Monitor: Italy
      • Global Lifestyle Monitor: United Kingdom
      • Global Lifestyle Monitor: China
      • Global Lifestyle Monitor: Thailand
      • Global Lifestyle Monitor: Colombia
      • Global Lifestyle Monitor: Mexico
      • Global Lifestyle Monitor: Japan
      • Sustainability Concerned Consumers
      • Sustainable Clothing
      • When Does Sustainability Matter
      • Back To School Apparel
      • Fueling Consumption in Mexico’s Activewear Market
      • Home Textiles: Bath Towels
      • Home Textiles: Sheets & Bedding
      • The Now of Retail : Millennials
      • Securing the Hispanic Consumer
      • Childrenswear & Back To School Apparel
      • China’s Baby Care & Feminine Hygiene Market
      • Prospects for Tomorrow’s Underwear Market
      • Easing Apparel Sourcing Cost Pressures
    • Supply Chain Video Insights
    • Cotton Market Podcasts
      • Chinese Cotton Policy Podcasts
      • Pass-Through Series Podcasts
      • Educational Series Preview
      • Educational Series Podcasts
  • Cotton Production
    • Ag Resources
      • Cotton Crop Market News
        • Cotton Market Weekly
        • Cotton Marketing Planner Newsletter
        • Cottonseed Market Prices
      • Cotton Farming Decision Aids
        • 2020 Crop Loan Calculator
        • 2019 Crop Loan Calculator
        • 2018 Upland Cotton Loan Calculator
        • 2018 ELS Cotton Loan Calculator
        • 2017 Upland Cotton Loan Calculator
        • 2017 ELS Cotton Loan Calculator
        • 2014 Farm Bill – Farm Program and Insurance Decision Aid
        • The Agricultural & Food Policy Center
        • Cotton Basis Tools
        • Cotton Harvest Cost Comparison Program/Decision Aid
        • Cotton Irrigation Decision Aid
        • Cotton Module Transport Calculator
        • Cotton Precision Agriculture Investment Decision Aid
        • Cropland Rental Tool (CROPRENT)
        • Precision Agriculture Yield Variability Analyzer
        • South Plains Profitability
      • Spotlight on Cotton Growers
        • Soil Variability Lessons Learned
        • Alternative and Low-Cost Sources of Lime and Fertilizer
        • Year-Round Expert Advice to Cotton Growers
        • No-Till, Double-Cropping System Yields Costs Savings
        • Precision Input Cost Reduction
        • Using Gray Water in Cotton Production
        • Manage Heat with Innovation for Cotton Production
        • Innovative Water Sharing System
        • Satellite Imagery Technology to Manage Variable Soil
      • Websites & Online Resources
        • COTMAN™ Crop Management System
        • Seed Matrix
        • Cotton LEADS™
        • Focus on Cotton
      • Cotton Harvest Systems
        • The Spindle-Type Cotton Harvester
          • Introduction
          • Maximizing Harvester Capacity & Productivity
          • Seed Cotton Handling Systems
          • Basic Safety Precautions
          • Preseason Procedures
          • In-Season Procedures
          • Appendix: Harvest Loss Calculations
          • Suggested Reading on Cotton Pickers
        • Stripper Harvesting
          • Background of Cotton Harvesting
          • Preharvest Preparation
          • Stripper Harvester Preparation
          • In-Season Procedures
          • Fiber Quality
          • Safety Is Your Responsibility!
          • References
        • Seed Cotton Handling Storage
          • A Brief History of Cotton Modules
          • Module Types
          • What Is at Risk When Seed Cotton Is Stored
          • Forming Covering Conventional Modules
          • Case IH Half-Length Modules
          • John Deere Round Modules
          • Proper Cutting of Plastic Wrap on Round Modules
          • Module Covers
          • Safety
          • References
        • Cotton Harvest System Videos
        • Cotton Module Traceability
      • Irrigation Management
        • Why Irrigate Cotton?
        • Why Schedule Irrigation?
        • Initiating and Terminating Irrigation for the Season
        • Cotton Water Requirements
        • Water-Sensitivity of Cotton Growth Stages
        • Sensor-Based Scheduling
        • Irrigation Scheduling Tools
        • Management Considerations for Irrigated Cotton
        • Irrigation Systems Overview
        • References and Additional Resources
    • Ag Research
      • Agricultural Economics
        • Farm Finance
        • Cotton Futures and Options
        • Crop Insurance
      • Agronomy
        • SeedMatrix.com
        • Rolling High Rye for Conservation of Tillage Cotton Success
        • Nitrogen Requirements of Contemporary Cotton Cultivars
        • Cotton Variety Performance & Selection
        • Bronze Wilt Cotton
        • Managing Nitrogen Fertilization In Cotton
        • Sticky Cotton Sources Solutions – A Cooperative Extension
        • Utility of Plant Growth Regulation in Cotton Production
      • Cottonseed
        • Cottonseed Market Prices
          • Cottonseed Market Prices Archives
        • wholecottonseed.com
        • Whole Cottonseed a Super Feed for Dairy Cows
        • Cottonseed Press Releases
        • Cottonseed Storage
        • Cottonseed Goes With the Flow
        • EasiFlo™ Cottonseed Research
      • Engineering
        • Ginning Research
        • Precision Crop Management for Cotton
          • Precision Cotton Technology Providers
          • Other Precision Agriculture for Cotton Websites
          • Cotton Yield Maps: Tools for increasing efficiency & profitability
          • Cotton Yield Monitors – The Entrance Exam & Final Exam
          • Sensor-Based Application of Cotton Inputs – Approaches for plant growth regulators, harvest aids, and nitrogen
        • Ultra Narrow Row Cotton Harvest to Textiles
          • UNRC Research and Production Experiences
          • Ginning Stripper Harvested Cotton
          • Marketing Stripper Harvested
          • Fiber and Textile Quality
          • Finger Stripper Harvesting Technology
        • ENSO and Cotton Yield Variability
      • Entomology
        • Cotton Aphid
        • Caterpillar
        • Plant Bugs
        • Spider Mites
        • Stink Bugs
        • Thrips
        • Whitefly
          • Management of White Fly Resistance to Key Insecticides in Arizona
          • Technical Advisory Committee of the Whitefly Q Biotype Task Force
          • Sticky Cotton Sources and Solutions – The University of Arizona, Cooperative Extension
          • Whitefly Management in Arizona Cotton 2006 – The University of Arizona, Cooperative Extension
      • Herbicide Stewardship
        • Herbicide-resistant Weeds Training Lessons
          • Current Status of Herbicide Resistance in Weeds
          • How Herbicides Work
          • What Is Herbicide Resistance?
          • Scouting After a Herbicide Application and Confirming Herbicide Resistance
          • Principles of Managing Herbicide Resistance
        • Take Action Against Herbicide-Resistant Weeds
        • Weed Resistance in Herbicide-Resistant Cultivars R.L. Nichols
        • Preparing for the Auxin Technologies R.L. Nichols
        • Auxin Technologies Meeting Report R.L. Nichols
        • The Stewardship of Herbicides R.L. Nichols
      • Nematology
        • 2012 Breeding Cotton for Resistance to Fusarium and Nematodes Meeting Presentations
        • 2007 Genetics of Root Knot Nematode Resistance in Cotton Meeting Presentations
        • 2005 Breeding Cotton for Resistance to Nematodes Meeting Presentations
        • 2003 Breeding Cotton Nematode Resistance Meeting Presentations
        • Accomplishments of a 10-Year Initiative to Develop Host Plant Resistance to Root-Knot and Reniform Nematodes in Cotton 2003 – 2013
        • Managing Nematodes in Cotton-Based Cropping Systems (December 2012)
        • 2009 Status of Site-Specific Nematicide Treatment
        • 2005 Breeding Cotton for Resistance to Nematodes Meeting Report – June 9, 2005 Meeting in Memphis, Tennessee
        • 2003 Breeding Cotton for Resistance to Nematodes (Meeting Report)
        • 2006 Non-Transgenic Host Plant Resistance to Root-Knot and Reniform Nematodes in Cotton – R. L. Nichols, Cotton Incorporated
        • 2007 Report of the Research Coordination Meeting Genetics of Root-Knot Nematode Resistance in Cotton
      • Plant Pathology
        • Cotton Leafroll Dwarf Virus Research Review
        • Identification and Management of Fusarium Wilt Race 4
        • Exotic Polerovirus Infecting Cotton in the Southeast U. S.
        • Research Coordination Meeting on Target Spot Presentations
        • Review of the Bacterial Blight Research Program
        • Identification and Management of Bacterial Blight of Cotton
        • Diagnosis and Management of Foliar Diseases in the United States
        • Site-Specific Management of Cotton Root Rot Using Airborne and Satellite Imagery and Variable Rate Technology
        • Cotton Root Rot(Phymatotrichopsis Root Rot) and it’s Management
      • Variety Improvement
        • 2019 Cotton Breeder’s Tour
        • Cotton Breeders’ Tours Presentations
        • State Variety Trial Data
        • Breeder Fiber Sample Information
          • Fiber Sample Packaging and Labeling
          • Packing Enclosure Form
          • Why Bad Samples are Bad
        • Cotton Breeders’ Tour Archives
        • Sample Project Summaries
      • Weed Management
        • Managing Glyphosate-Resistant Palmer Amaranth
          • Introduction and Overview
          • Update from States
            • Arkansas
            • Georgia
            • Louisiana
            • Mississippi
            • North Carolina
            • South Carolina
            • Tennessee
            • Summary Discussion
          • Research Presentations
            • Segregation and what it means in Palmer amaranth
            • Plant Population Genetics
            • Colorado Molecular and Basic Research
          • Research Programs from Industry
            • Syngenta
            • Bayer CropScience
            • Monsanto
          • Palmer Roundtable Summary
          • List of Attendees
        • 2016 Biology and Management of Herbicide-Resistant Palmer Amaranth in Cotton in the United States
        • 2011 Pigweed Resistance: How Much? To What? And Where?
        • 2010 Impacts of Herbicide Resistant Weeds – Southern States
        • 2010 Meeting the Challenge of Glyphosate-Resistant Palmer Amaranth in Conservation Tillage
        • 2009 Glyphosate Weed Resistance Update
        • 2009 Control Failures with Ryegrass
        • 2008 Glyphosate-Resistant Populations of Amaranthus palmeri in the United States
        • 2006 Managing Herbicide Resistance in Cotton Cropping Systems
      • Meetings, Tours, and Presentations
        • International Cotton Genome Initiative (ICGI) Research Conference Presentations
        • Conservation Tillage Conferences
          • 2015 Conservation Tillage Conference Proceedings
          • 2014 Conservation Tillage Conference Proceedings
          • 2013 Conservation Tillage Conference Proceedings
          • 2012 Conservation Tillage Conference Proceedings
          • 2011 Conservation Tillage Conference Proceedings
          • 2010 Conservation Tillage Conference Proceedings
          • 2009 Conservation Tillage Conference Proceedings
          • 2008 Conservation Tillage Conference Proceedings
          • 2007 Conservation Tillage Conference Proceedings
        • Cotton Biotechnology Workshops
        • Crop Management Seminar Presentations
          • 2014 Crop Management Seminar Presentations
          • 2012 Crop Management Seminar Presentations
          • 2006 Crop Management Seminar Presentations
          • 2010 Crop Management Seminar Presentations
          • 2008 Crop Management Seminar Presentations
      • Ag Research Staff Directory
      • Cotton Incorporated Fellows
        • Cotton Incorporated Fellowships (CIF)
      • State Support Program
        • State Support Program Bylaws
          • Alabama State Support Committee Bylaws
          • California State Support Committee Bylaws
          • Florida State Support Committee Bylaws
          • Georgia State Support Committee Bylaws
          • Louisiana State Support Committee Bylaws
          • Mississippi State Support Committee Bylaws
          • Missouri State Support Committee Bylaws
          • North Carolina State Support Committee Bylaws
          • Oklahoma State Support Committee Bylaws
          • South Carolina State Support Committee Bylaws
          • Tennessee State Support Committee Bylaws
          • Virginia State Cotton Support Committee Bylaws
        • State Support Program Guidelines
        • State Support Program Projects
    • Cotton Quality
      • Classification of Cotton
        • Overview
        • Maintaining Official Standards for Classification
        • Classification of Upland Cotton
        • Classification of American Pima Cotton
        • Quality and Reliability of Classification Data
        • Dissemination of Data
        • Acknowledgements
      • 2019/2020 U.S. Cotton Fiber Chart
        • Properties of the Growing Regions
        • Grades of U.S. Cotton
        • Ratings of Fiber Properties
        • Bale Sizes
        • HVI® Color Chart
      • Cotton Crop Quality
        • Weekly Cotton Crop Quality Report
        • Most Planted Cotton Varieties for 2019
        • Final Cotton Crop Quality Summary Reports
        • Cotton Properties Legend
        • Cotton Crop Quality Summary
      • Product Evaluation Lab
        • Independent Testing Laboratories
      • Cotton Standards Websites
      • EFS® Software
        • MILLNet™ Software
          • MILLNet™ Software Video
        • USCROP™ Software
        • Cotton Communicator™ Software
      • EFS® System Technical Service
      • EFS® Licensee Yarn Benefits
      • EFS® System Licensees
      • EFS® Fiber/Yarn Sourcing Directory
  • Quality Products
    • Textile Research
      • Dyeing Research
      • Fiber Processing
      • Finishing Research
      • Product Development
      • Technical Services & Implementation
      • Product Integrity
    • Nonwovens
      • Why Cotton?
      • Marketing Resources
        • Aquatic Degradation
        • The Global Baby Care Market Present and Future Growth
        • Trademark Licensing Program
        • Power of the Seal
        • Incontinence Protection
        • Global Feminine Hygiene
        • Responsible Cotton Production
        • Discover What Cotton Can DoTM
      • Cotton Fiber Tech Guide
        • Agricultural Production
        • Cotton Properties
        • Cotton Preparation
        • Cotton Morphology and Chemistry
      • Nonwovens Sourcing
    • Performance Technologies
      • NATURAL STRETCH Technology
        • NATURAL STRETCH Technology
        • NATURAL STRETCH Licensed Suppliers
      • PUREPRESS™ Technology
        • PUREPRESS™ Technology
        • PUREPRESS™ Licensed Suppliers
      • STORM COTTON™ Technology
        • STORM COTTON™ Technology
        • STORM COTTON™ Licensed Suppliers
      • TOUGH COTTON™ Technology
        • TOUGH COTTON™ Technology
        • TOUGH COTTON™ Licensed Suppliers
      • TransDRY® Technology
        • TransDRY® Technology
        • TransDRY® Licensed Suppliers
      • WICKING WINDOWS™ Technology
        • WICKING WINDOWS™ Technology
        • WICKING WINDOWS™ Licensed Suppliers
      • Technology Suppliers
    • Fabric Inspiration
      • FABRICAST™ Fabric Collections
        • FABRICAST™ 2020 Collection
        • FABRICAST™ 2019
        • 2018 Part 2
        • 2018 Part 1
        • MMXVII Part 2
        • MMXVII Part 1
        • Creative Cotton II
        • Creative Cotton I
        • Cotton Compilation II
        • Cotton Compilation I
        • Cotton Innovations II
        • Cotton Innovations I
        • Natural Concepts II
        • Natural Concepts I
        • Cotton Inspiration II
        • Cotton Inspiration I
        • Natural Innovations
      • Performance Knitwear
      • Cotton Durability
    • Textile Resources
      • Technical Bulletins
      • Standard Fabric Defect Glossary
      • Textile Encyclopedia
      • Textile Glossary
      • Fabric Defects Classification
      • Engineered Cotton Knits Guidelines
      • Cotton Fiber Development and Processing
    • Textile Sourcing
      • Cut and Sew
      • Dyers
      • Dye and Wash
      • Finishers
      • Knitters
      • Printers
      • Spinners
      • Weavers
      • Textile Associations and Resources
  • Consumer Marketing
    • Retail Partnerships
      • Retail Partnerships Contact Form
    • Cotton Science & Sustainability Lesson Plans

Whole Cottonseed a Super Feed for Dairy Cows

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Whole Cottonseed a Super Feed for Dairy Cows

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Whole Cottonseed a Super Feed for Dairy Cows

Whole Cottonseed has energy, protein and fiber in greater concentrations than many other feedstuffs. That’s why it’s recognized by dairy producers nationwide as a cost-effective premier feedstuff for lactating cows of high genetic merit. In fact, more than 50% of the annual supply of whole cottonseed is consumed by dairy cattle. Producers have found that whole cottonseed is ideal for mixing with less nutrient-dense feed ingredients. The result is a competitively priced, balanced ration.

What Is Whole “Fuzzy” Cottonseed

When cotton plants are harvested by a gin, more seed than cotton is produced. For each 480-pound bale of cotton produced, there’s an average of about 700 pounds of seed. Depending on the size of the nation’s crop, more than 6 million tons of cottonseed are harvested annually. Texas is the largest cotton producing state, followed by California, Mississippi, Arkansas and Georgia. The special qualities of whole cottonseed as a feedstuff became known in the 1980s. Whole cottonseed’s energy and protein are found in the seed’s meaty kernel. Its fiber is found in the short, white, hair-like strands remaining on each seed after the cotton is removed – the reason cottonseed is often referred to as “fuzzy.” The fuzz, however, is not residual cotton. These strands are cellulose, a highly effective source of fiber and are known as “linters.”

Will Cottonseed Work for You?

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Dairy producers of all sizes are effectively using whole cottonseed (WCS), especially in the diet of the early-lactation cow. WCS can increase milk output and boost butterfat. That’s why many producers build their herd’s diet around the valuable nutrients of cottonseed. WCS is convenient and does not need to be processed before feeding. Since WCS should be mixed with other components of the dairy cow diet, producers with large herds buy WCS in bulk and add it to their total mixed ration (TMR). Small herd owners ask their feed dealer to include it in their pre-mix. On average, a truckload of cottonseed weighs 23 tons, enough for 100 cows for 100 days.

High Energy and High Fiber

Whole cottonseed has high protein (23%), high energy in the form of fat (20%), and crude fiber (24%) on a dry matter basis. Compared with other commonly available protein supplements, whole cottonseed is the only one with both additional high energy and high fiber. This combination is especially attractive when feeding the high producing, early lactation dairy cow in negative energy balance – a cow in need of both energy and fiber. Also, the energy (fat) content of WCS makes it a valuable addition for cows under heat stress who may have a reduced appetite.

WCS has a value similar to a 20% protein mixture of corn and soybean meal, making it worth around $250/ton with current feed prices. Whole cottonseed has a good balance of crude protein and energy, so it makes a complete supplement in many situations. The “crude protein” in WCS is “true protein” which makes it better for supplementing high forage diets compared to supplements with non-protein nitrogen (urea).

The energy in WCS is primarily from fat, which if fed at a reasonable level, won’t interfere with forage digestion the way the starch in corn can. Research has also shown that the fat in WCS improves reproductive performance.

An Economical Feedstuff

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Adding WCS to the diet of early-lactation dairy cows usually increases total energy intake, which often boosts milk yields. And WCS usually has a positive effect on milk fat test, while slightly reducing milk protein. Overall, the effect on milk price is positive. If you’re using a computer program to evaluate the dollar value of WCS in your cows’ feed, make sure it includes WCS’s positive influence on milk production and milk price. Feeding 5 to 8 pounds of WCS per cow per day is generally regarded as economical, effective, and safe. (Five pounds is approximately 25,000 seeds.) If greater amounts are fed, careful calculations of gossypol intakes based on the whole seed analysis should be done, especially if more than the recommended amount is fed for extended periods.

Reliable Distribution Channels

Cotton is the leading cash crop in the United States and more than 50% of the WCS produced each year is sold specifically for livestock feed. Of this amount, about half is distributed by companies associated with cottonseed oil mills, and the other half enters the feed trade directly from cotton ginners. As with corn, soybeans and other feedstuffs, traditional forces of supply and demand determine the price of WCS. Marketers of WCS include commodity dealers, brokers, feed dealers, truckers and others; and distribution channels continue to evolve every year. In the past, some mild swings occurred in the WCS market, largely the result of inadequate storage capacities, particularly in the Southeast and the West. But as storage capacities increased, price and availability of WCS stabilized. And as more storage capacity has been created throughout the country, the market has become increasingly reliable. To find a source near you, visit the Cotton Incorporated Web site, www.wholecottonseed.com or call 800-334-5868. You can also visit www.cottonseed.com. Purchasers of feed grade WCS are advised to deal only with reputable distributors and merchandisers who are experienced in the business of storing and handling WCS.

Value and Pricing

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The true economic value of WCS can only be established by its use in your individual dairy situation. Here is a suggested starting point for your calculations.

The dollar value of any feed ingredient should reflect the nutrients it contains relative to the cost of nutrients in other available feedstuffs. The most comprehensive way to do this is with a computer that solves simultaneous equations given an array of available feedstuffs and their costs. However, these programs often have limitations, especially in the case of special ingredients, such as WCS, which supplies energy in the form of fat, plus protein and a digestible fiber. Also, the use of WCS will often increase milk fat test, although a small depression in milk protein often occurs. The net effect on milk price, however, has usually been positive. This means that the value of WCS is often more per ton than a least-cost computer formulation that ignores milk revenues.

A simple relative dollar value of WCS can be obtained by using a substitution formula. Consider:

  1. Corn to represent the value of energy
  2. Soybean meal (44%) to represent the value of protein
  3. A good Coastal Bermuda grass hay (CBH) to represent the value of fiber.

Use the values in the following formula.

Add the three totals of: Example:
A) Price of corn times .90 A) $140/ton X .90 = 126.00
B) Price of soybean meal (44%) times .25 B) $300/ton X .25 = 75.00
C) Price of CBH times .50 C) $100/ton X .50 = 50.00
$251.00
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Nutrient Values For Whole, Linted Seed of Upland Cottons (Gossypium hirsutum

This value incorporates the contribution of fiber, which is crucial to the producing cow in the first trimester of lactation. During the last half of lactation, fiber is usually not a constant, and the value of fiber in the formula should be discounted by at least half.

The type, amount and quality of your homegrown forage must also be considered. One very important logistical advantage in using WCS is a reduced number of feed ingredients – the high nutritional quality of WCS often reduces the total number of other feedstuffs needed in the ration. Thus, farmers require less ingredient storage and less management time spent with purchasing and inventory control.

Sample Rations

Western Washington
Western Washington producers generally pay more for feed while receiving lower milk prices. Yet they manage to keep their production levels higher than most other parts of the country. They also take advantage of Canadian feeds and ship in cottonseed from as far away as Arkansas. Whole cottonseed used in conjunction with homegrown feeds or purchased feeds helps Pacific Northwesterners keep their rolling herd averages well above the national average. Cottonseed, because of its high nutrient density, becomes a more economical feed to ship than some of the other dairy staples.
WASHINGTON SAMPLE RATIONS
100 lbs./Milk
Corn Silage 23.3 lbs.
23% CP Alfalfa 15.8 lbs.
1:1 Barley/Corn 14.2 lbs.
Wheat Midds 10.9 lbs.
Whole Cottonseed 6.5 lbs.
48% Soybean Meal 3.9 lbs.
Vitamin/Mineral Mix
Central California
Whole cottonseed is well positioned in the California market and is priced favorably to other feedstuffs. Of all the feeds offered in these comparative rations, whole cottonseed is one of only two feeds that remain at maximum usage across all three production strings.
CALIFORNIA SAMPLE RATIONS
100 lbs./Milk 80 lbs./Milk 60 lbs./Milk
23% CP Haylage 33.0 lbs. 23.6 lbs. 24.0 lbs.
1:1 Barley/Corn Mix 15.0 lbs. 11.8 lbs. 9.7 lbs
Dried Citrus Pulp 10.0 lbs. 10.0 lbs. 10.0 lbs.
Cottonseed 8.0 lbs. 8.0 lbs. 8.0 lbs.
48% Soybean Meal 7.6 lbs. 6.3 lbs. 3.5 lbs.
Vitamin/Mineral Mix
Southeastern Wisconsin
In the heart of dairyland, where most producers grow a large share of their feed, imported feeds still play a critical role. Whole cottonseed, because of its unique nutrient profile, is cost competitive and nutritionally effective for high-producing cows. At lower-production levels, cottonseed has a more difficult time competing with on-farm feeds.
WISCONSIN SAMPLE RATIONS
100 lbs./Milk 75 lbs./Milk
Haylage 35.5 lbs. 12.3 lbs.
Corn Silage 32.3 lbs. 57.0 lbs.
Rolled Corn 14.5 lbs. 7.3 lbs.
44% Soybean Meal 10.5 lbs. 11.0 lbs.
Whole Cottonseed 3.3 lbs. 0.0 lbs.
Vitamin/Mineral Mix
Western New York
Cottonseed proves both cost-effective and nutritionally effective for high-production strings in New York. Balancing for 100 pounds of daily milk at maximum dry matter intake levels, gives all energy sources an even chance. Still, cottonseed is the best choice for high-energy rations in New York. Supporting high levels of production can be accomplished using either cottonseed or another high-energy source.
NEW YORK SAMPLE RATIONS
100 lbs./Milk
23% CP Haylage 32.0 lbs.
Hominy 15.0 lbs.
Corn Silage 14.5 lbs.
48% Soybean Meal 9.5 lbs.
Cottonseed 8.0 lbs.
Vitamin/Mineral Mix
Central Floria
Dairying in Florida, a forage deficit state, can be a real challenge. High feed costs, especially for premium-quality alfalfa, and hot humid summers, cut into profits. Despite those hardships, Floridians have two advantages: lower whole cottonseed prices and higher milk prices. Even for lower-producing strings in the heat of summer when feed intakes are low, cottonseed in Florida is a good low-cost ingredient because it provides an array of nutrients, such as fiber, energy, and protein. Cottonseed meal is also priced right in the South; however, special attention should be paid to gossypol levels when cottonseed is fed in conjunction with cottonseed meal or cottonseed hulls.
FLORIDA SAMPLE RATIONS
75 lbs./Milk
Hominy 15.0 lbs.
Citrus Pulp 10.0 lbs.
Cottonseed 8.0 lbs.
Bermuda Grass 7.0 lbs.
48% Soybean Meal 3.8 lbs.
Cottonseed Meal 1.4 lbs.
Vitamin/Mineral Mix

Feeding Limitations

When WCS is a particularly good buy, a reasonable question is: how much can one feed?
Most dairy producers in the South and West feed from 5 to 8 lb. per cow per day. This is about 15% of the total diet dry matter in a TMR. But if fed for extended periods (more than 6 months), producers need to be aware of the safe levels of a compound called gossypol.

Research conducted at Auburn University suggests that 24 grams of free gossypol is the approximate upper limit for the lactating cow, allowing up to 10 lbs. of WCS per cow per day if the free gossypol is 0.50% or less in the whole seed (22.7 grams). A gossypol analysis is recommended to determine the exact amount of free gossypol if feeding more than 8 lb. of WCS per cow per day.

Analyses are usually expressed as a percentage of the kernel (meal plus oil); to convert the percentage of gossypol in the kernel to the percentage present in the whole seed, multiply by .68. For example, if a kernel contains 0.92% gossypol, the equivalent amount in the whole seed would be 0.63%. If cottonseed meal and/or cottonseed hulls are also being fed, their contribution to the total free gossypol intake needs to be included also, though they may have much less free gossypol than WCS.

Whole cottonseed, as with many other feedstuffs, may have problems with aflatoxin produced by molds, developed in either the field or from poor storage of the cottonseed. Purchasing agreements should state clearly that the WCS have less than some specific amount of aflatoxin (20 ppb is the legal limit for feeds used in dairy rations). Storing WCS on a well-drained pad protected from rain is a necessity.

Storage and Handling

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The bulk density of WCS averages about 22 lb./ft.3 and requires about 80 ft.3 of storage space per ton. WCS is hydroscopic and therefore absorbs moisture from, or gives up moisture to, the surrounding air. Storage temperatures below 60ºF (15ºC) and below 10% moisture content wet basis provide the best conditions to avoid developing molds and reduce insect activity within the seed.

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Basic Properties of Cottonseed and Cottonseed Products

Whole, fuzzy cottonseed has some unique characteristics requiring special attention when using common grain-handling facilities. Unlike grain, WCS has a variable angle of repose. The angle of repose in an unrestricted pile of WCS is about 45º. However, after the seeds have settled, they will bridge – an indication that the angle of repose is greater than 90º. Extreme caution must be exercised when handling large volumes of WCS to ensure that hazardous situations do not jeopardize worker safety.

As with feedstuffs such as corn and soybeans, WCS should not be stockpiled for extended periods unless you are thoroughly familiar with proper storage conditions and aeration systems. Over many months of storage, WCS will retain its greatest value under conditions where it is covered and air is drawn through the pile to reduce and control the temperature and moisture level. If you wish to have a guaranteed supply of WCS for several months of a year, it is recommended to forward contract for future delivery. This places the responsibility of proper storage on the supplier.

Specialty Products

Several feed suppliers have recognized the many benefits of feeding whole cottonseed. These suppliers have developed specialty products to better meet the needs of the often widely different feeding practices of dairy producers. One of these products is EasiFlo™ cottonseed. EasiFlo uses a starch coating to improve handling and flow while enhancing whole cottonseed’s ability to be augered through traditional grain handling equipment. CottonFlo™, another specialty product, increases nutrient density and flowability. And a pelletized form of whole cottonseed, known as FuzZpellet™, has recently been developed. To learn more about any of these specialty products, visit the Cotton Incorporated Web site.

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Trading Rules For Feed Grade Cottonseed

National Cottonseed Products Association (NCPA)
The NCPA is a national trade organization that represents cottonseed crushers, WCS merchandisers, dealers, brokers, chemists, and other allied interests.

National Cottonseed Products Association
866 Willow Tree Circle
Cordova, TN 38018
Phone: 901-682-0800

Chapter XIII Article 2. Grade and Quality
Rule F-4: Prime Feed Grade Cottonseed.
Prime Feed Grade Cottonseed shall meet the following criteria: Foreign substances shall not exceed 2 percent. Moisture shall not exceed 13 percent. Free fatty acids in the oil shall not exceed 3 percent. Crude protein and crude fat (dry matter basis) will be at least 34 percent when the separate totals for each are combined.

Cottonseed of the Pima variety or other varieties of long staple cotton containing 3 percent or less residual lint on seed after ginning, or admixtures containing such seed must be identified as such at the time of sale.

Rule F-5: Delinted Prime Feed Grade Cottonseed.
Delinted prime feed grade cottonseed shall be mechanically delinted. Lint on seed shall not exceed 5 percent. Foreign substances shall not exceed 1 percent. Moisture shall not exceed 13 percent. Free fatty acids in oil shall not exceed 3 percent. Crude protein and crude fat (dry matter basis) will be at least 37-1/2 percent when the separate totals for each are combined.

Rule F-6: Feed Grade Cottonseed, Off Quality.
Feed Grade Cottonseed, off quality, are those that do not meet the specifications of Rule F-4.

Terms and Definitions

Cottonseed – Determined by the National Cottonseed Products Association (NCPA), Premium and Prime Feed grades contain, respectively; 1 to 2 percent foreign matter; 11 to 13 percent moisture; 38 to 34 percent crude protein and crude fat (combined totals for each); and 3 percent free fatty acids in the oil.

Delinted Cottonseed – There are two processes used for delinting cottonseed, mechanical and acid. Mechanically delinted is the most common form of delinted seed available in the feed trade. Mechanically delinted seed retains about 1-2% residual linters which usually appear on the ends of the seeds. Acid delinting is a process that completely removes all linters. This process is used for the production of planting seed. At certain times during the year, quantities of culled, or leftover planting seed, become available to the feed trade. Beware of such planting seed unless you can demonstrate that it does not contain chemical seed treatments.

Gossypol – A polyphenol ( C30 H30 O8 ) derived from the cottonseed plant and potentially irritating to gastrointestinal tract.

Lint – The ginned fibers from harvested cotton bolls.

Linters – The short fuzz left on the cottonseed after a mechanical delinting process.

NCPA – National Cottonseed Products Association – The NCPA is a national trade organization representing cottonseed crushers, dealers, brokers, chemists, and other allied interests within the industry: www.cottonseed.com.

Pima Cottonseed – This is the seed from pima varieties of cotton, also known as extra long staple (ELS) cotton. It represents a small percentage (about 2%) of U.S. cotton. Pima seed is genetically devoid of linters, the fuzz that covers the seed of upland varieties. Some nutritionists recommend that Pima seed be cracked prior to feeding.

Whole Cottonseed (WCS) – This term refers to fuzzy seed from upland varieties of cotton.

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